This Day in History: January 31st

Here are 10 historical events that took place on January 31st, listed in chronological order:

1. 1606: Guy Fawkes, one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, is executed in London.
2. 1865: The United States Congress passes the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery.
3. 1917: Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I, leading to the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by the German navy.
4. 1943: The Battle of Stalingrad ends with the surrender of the German 6th Army to the Soviet Union during World War II.
5. 1950: President Harry S. Truman announces the development of the hydrogen bomb.
6. 1958: Explorer 1, the first successful U.S. satellite, is launched into orbit.
7. 1971: Astronauts Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, and Stuart Roosa launch on Apollo 14, the eighth crewed mission in the Apollo program and the third to land on the Moon.
8. 1990: The first McDonald’s restaurant in the Soviet Union opens in Moscow.
9. 2001: A Scottish court in the Netherlands convicts Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits Lamin Khalifah Fhimah for their roles in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
10. 2010: Avatar becomes the first film to gross over $2 billion worldwide.

These events span a wide range of historical periods and have had significant impacts on various aspects of history.

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